The main sign of epilepsy is seizures, which are caused by abnormal electrical activity that begins in the brain. Most seizures last from one to three minutes, with the average time being 90 seconds. Minor or partial motor seizures can cause dogs to salivate, stare into space, and/or have localized muscle twitches. Severe, also called grand mal seizures, may cause dogs to totally lose control. After the episode, some dogs act normally, others remain dazed. Seizures use up a lot of energy so most dogs are hungry and will eat and drink after the epileptic episode.

Some cases of epilepsy in dogs occur as a result of diseases like diabetes, kidney failure, and brain tumors. Those dogs are usually over six years old before they start having seizures. However, most cases of epilepsy in dogs are termed “idiopathic”, meaning that the cause is unknown. Classically the onset of Idiopathic Epilepsy is between one and five years of age, with a higher incidence in certain breeds, such as golden retrievers, cocker spaniels, huskies, malamutes, and miniature poodles.

SYMPTOMS
* Salivation.
* Localized muscle twitches.
* Lie on one side and paddle with one or all legs.
* Pupils of the eyes are dilated.
* May act dazed and stare into space.
* May lose control of urine and/or bowels.

WHAT YOU AND YOUR VET CAN DO
* All dogs that suffer from seizures should be checked by a vet. Routine procedures include a physical examination along with blood tests, a urinalysis and x-rays. If an underlying problem can be found such as Diabetes or Kidney Disease, appropriate therapy may eliminate the seizures. In dogs with Idiopathic Epilepsy, no underlying problem can be found. In these cases, the seizures may be controlled but not cured.

* Various anticonvulsant medications, such as Phenebarbital, are usually prescribed. Potassium bromide may be used along with phenobarbital in certain cases. The Potassium Bromide decreases the effective dose of Phenobarbital necessary to stop the seizures. Preventative daily medications are generally not recommended unless the dog has seizures more than once a month. With proper therapy most epileptic dogs are able to lead normal lives that are only slightly shorter than normal.

COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS
HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
Silicea 30C (silicon dioxide) may help control seizures. One dose of two whole pellets or three pellets crushed to a powder on the tongue. Withhold food one hour before and after. Wait 30 days, then reassess. Acupuncture is effective to control seizures in certain cases.

Male and female dogs are sexually mature and can reproduce between the ages of six and nine months. Female dogs generally go through an estrus or heat cycle every six months, in the spring and fall. A blood tinged vaginal discharge lasts for seven to ten days and precedes estrus or true heat. The vaginal discharge changes from red to yellowish in color during true heat. At this stage, females are receptive to males and may be successfully bred. Some females also become short-tempered and anxious. Surgical neutering of female dogs is also called a “spay”. It eliminates all heat cycles, bleeding and personality changes.

PYOMETRA
Pyometra, which literally means “pus in the uterus”, is a potentially life-threatening infection of the uterus that occurs in female dogs over five years old that are not spayed. The cause is a combination of hormonal and bacterial factors that lead to severe, life threatening bacterial infection of the uterus. These bacteria are called E-coli and come from the feces. They migrate from the feces up through the vulva into the uterus and multiply there slowly for several years. Eventually the bacteria cause severe infection, the uterus fills with pus and the dog becomes quite sick.

There are two types of pyometra, depending on whether the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus, is open or closed. Open pyometra occurs during or just after the heat cycle when the cervix is still open. Since the cervix is open, the pus, along with the blood-tinged or clear-colored vaginal fluid, exits through the vulva. Owners usually see or smell the foul vaginal discharge. These dogs just don’t feel well. Signs include lethargy, a mild fever, and increased thirst, some vomit. Closed pyometra occurs one to three months after the heat cycle, when the dog’s cervix is closed. Pus cannot drain out of the body, so it stays in the uterus. Some of the bacteria from the uterus reenter the bloodstream. This can lead to a blood infection, which is called septicemia, and can quickly be fatal. Signs are those of a very sick “Toxic” dog and include a high fever, weakness, a lack of appetite and vomiting.

WARNING
In male dogs, be sure both testicles have descended down into the scrotum by the time they are six months old. Testicles retained in the abdomen can develop into an aggressive life threatening type of cancer called a Sertoll cell tumor.

Small breeds like Yorkshire terriers are prone. Retained testicles are considered to be a major genetic defect. These dogs should be neutered which eliminates the risk of cancer and prevents transmission to offspring.

WHAT YOUR VET CAN DO
* The treatment of choice for pyometra is to surgically remove the infected uterus. An emergency spay is lifesaving. A spay is actually an ovarian hysterectomy and involves surgical removal of the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes. Pyometra cases with a closed cervix are very sick; many are in shock, dehydrated and have concurrent kidney failure. Vets often must decide whether the treatment or the disease is the most life threatening. Once pyometra occurs, it tends to recur, so most dogs with pyometra are spayed.

* Extremely valuable breeding bitches with the open cervix type of pyometra may opt for medical treatment which involves using a hormone called Prostaglandin F2 Alpha. This hormone causes the uterus to contract and expel the pus. The dog’s life is saved and she is still able to be bred.

* Neutering dogs is an important part of responsible pet ownership. It helps reduce overpopulation and decreases the number of unwanted dogs that end up in shelters or are euthanized by vets. Spaying (the term for neutering a female dog) involves removal of the entire reproductive tract.

Spaying before the first heat cycle at five to six months of age dramatically decreases the risk of mammary and uterine cancer and eliminates the risk of pyometra.

* In male dogs neutering involves an orchiectomy, which is the surgical removal of both testicles. The risk of testicular cancer is virtually eliminated. Neutering also decreases urine odor and territorial urine marking. Neutered male dogs are less likely to roam and are generally happy to stay at home. Male dogs personality won’t change, but aggressive tendencies generally improve.

* Neutering male and female dogs does decrease energy requirements by approximately 30 percent. To prevent unnecessary weight gain, decrease calories by one-third, increase dietary fiber to provide bulk and exercise at least 20 minutes daily.

COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS
HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
For open cervix type of pyometra Caulohyllum 30c may help improve the dog’s condition prior to surgery. This promotes the expulsion of pus from the uterus.

Sepia 30c (cuttlefish) is also often recommended with pyometra. Give one tablet by mouth every 8 hours.

If your housebroken dog starts having indoor accidents, a medical problem called urinary incontinence could be responsible. All forms of urinary incontinence should be diagnosed and treated promptly. Extended exposure to urine on the skin cause secondary complications including ulcers which are very common in dogs that are immobilized or inactive.

CAUSES
* Estrogen-responsive Urinary Incontinence is a common problem affecting older spayed females.

* Cushing’s Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Chronic Kidney Failure result in the production of excessive amounts of urine which may cause indoor accidents.

* Urinary Tract Infections can cause dogs to feel the urge to urinate frequently because of bacterial irritation to the bladder wall. Other conditions that may cause urinary incontinence are kidney and bladder stones as well as polyps of the urinary bladder and cancer of the urinary tract.

* Certain medications contribute to increased urine volume. Diuretics, like Lasix, are often used to promote urination in certain types of Heart Disease, which helps prevent excess fluid from accumulating in the lungs.

SYMPTOMS
* In estrogen responsive urinary incontinence the primary complaint is that urine leakage occurs unconsciously while the female dog sleeps or is resting. She leaves a “wet spot”.

* Urinary tract infections cause dogs to produce small amounts of urine more often than normal.

* Excessive urinating and drinking are hallmark signs of Diabetes, Cushings Disease and Kidney Failure. Proper diagnosis is essential to confirm the exact problem so that treatment will be effective.

SIGNS WITH STONES
* Frequent urination (often in unusual place).
* Blood in urine.
* Dribbling urine.
* Straining to urinate.

WARNING
Urolithiasis is a disease caused by the presence and effects of stones (called uroliths) or crystals (called calculi) in the urinary tract. Stones interfere with and can block the flow of urine. This prevents the normal elimination of poisonous wastes like ammonia and potassium from the body. These substances are reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body. Ammonia is toxic to the brain and causes dementia. It is also harmful to other organs. Excess levels of potassium are toxic to the heart and can cause Fatal Cardiac Arrest. Once the urinary blockage is cleared most dogs are fine but 50 percent of treated cases recur if preventive measures are not taken. Prevention involves Dietary Therapy, which is geared to prevent stones from reforming and is effective for most dogs.

WHAT YOUR VET CAN DO
* Diagnostics for urinary incontinence involve blood and urine tests. X-rays of the urinary tract may reveal stones.

* For estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence, oral estrogen replacement therapy given daily is very effective. Urine usually stops leaking in less than a week. Life-long estrogen supplementation is generally necessary. The ovary normally produces estrogen. Since the ovaries are removed when these dogs are spayed, the body becomes deficient in estrogen.

* Surgery is generally the only effective treatment to remove large bladder stones and reestablish normal urination. Dietary therapy may be all that is needed to resolve small stones causing minor interference with the flow of urination. These diets also help prevent the formation of new stones.

COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS
HERBAL REMEDIES
* Diuretic Herbs - parsley, corn silk, dandelion. Diuretics promote urination which can decrease the risk of stone formation. Flushing the urinary tract can help eliminate small tones, toxins and bacteria.

* Cranberry - reduces levels of calcium in the urinary tract, therefore may decrease the risk of stone formation in certain cases. Cranberry and Uva Ursi both may be beneficial with urinary tract infections.

* Vitamin B6 - 2 mg per pound once daily by mouth.

* Glycosaminoglycans - May help heal urinary bladders irritated because of infections and/or stones. This is a normal constituent of the bladder lining.

* IP-6 is Inositol hexaphosphate which is an antioxidant.

HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
Belladonna 30c may be recommended to prevent recurrent urinary infections, especially with blood in the urine. Urtica urens 3x promotes urination and decreases the risk of stone formation. Hydrangea 3x is also useful as a stone preventive.

URINARY TRACT PROBLEMS
TIP
Many “special diets” are commercially available to prevent urine stones and crystals from recurring but analysis of urine is important, it tells you the type of crystal present so diet can be chosen accordingly. Many of these “diets” are geared to acidify urine PH which in certain cases can make the problem worse. Must also analyze type of bladder stone to see what they are made of and choose proper type of diet to prevent them (stones) from recurring.

The kidneys serve many vital functions. They filter and remove toxic wastes from the body via the urine, regulate calcium and vitamin D levels, maintain fluid levels, and secrete the hormone responsible for red blood cell production. Anything that interferes with the kidneys’ ability to function properly can cause kidney disease, which is the second only to cancer as a leading cause of death in dogs. In most cases, progressive age-related deterioration is responsible, with no apparent cause. Other causes of kidney disease include bacterial and viral infections, nutritional factors, immune system defects, toxins, and inherited breed disorders.

“Acute” kidney disease occurs suddenly, is rare in dogs, and with prompt treatment is generally reversible. Long-term “chronic” kidney disease is also called chronic renal disease and is the most common form in dogs. It is usually the result of slow age-related deterioration of the kidneys. Chronic Kidney Disease is not reversible but is treatable.

SYMPTOMS
Initially dogs drink and urinate excessively. The urine produced is dilute so dogs become dehydrated and drink alot to try to replace the lost fluids. No matter how much they drink, they are unable to maintain normal hydration. Advanced signs of Kidney Disease include weight loss, vomiting, depression and loss of appetite. Signs are not apparent until 80 percent of kidney function is already lost. Routine diagnostics include blood and urine tests as well as abdominal x-rays. A kidney biopsy is generally necessary to confirm the exact cause. In most cases, a biopsy is not obtained and treatment is symptomatic.

WHAT YOU AND YOUR VET CAN DO
* Fluid therapy is the single most important factor in the treatment of kidney disease. The kidneys normally function to maintain fluid levels by concentrating the urine. With kidney disease, excess fluids are lost into the urine so dehydration is a major problem. Good nutrition is also critical. The goal is to decrease the workload on the kidneys by decreasing the amount of waste the kidneys must eliminate. Excess dietary protein, phosphorus, and salt create a lot of waste, diets should therefore contain small amounts of high-quality proteins, low salt (use salt substitute), and low phosphorus. Anemia or a low number of red blood cells is often also a problem with Kidney Disease. Supplementing the diet with B-vitamins and iron stimulates red blood cell production, which helps counteract anemia.

Newer therapies may include Calcitriol, which is a form of vitamin D and is prepared specifically for each dog. Capsules are given by mouth once daily. Calcitriol helps prevent further kidney deterioration and is given routinely to human dialysis patients. In pets, it is still considered experimental. So far the results have been very promising for both dogs and cats. Kidney transplants are a treatment option in extreme cases.

* Long-term management involves monitoring kidney functions with blood and urine tests every three to six months. At home hydration can be monitored by pinching the skin on the back of the dog’s neck. Hold it for five seconds, then release. If it takes over five seconds for the skin to return to normal, the dog is dehydrated and fluids are indicated. In certain cases, owners may learn to give subcutaneous fluids under the skin at home. Most dogs enjoy a good quality of life for several years.

COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS

HERBAL REMEDIES
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FAILURE
* Fish oil is a source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
* Rhubarb (Rheum Officinale)
* B Vitamins or a multi-vitamin mineral supplement and a glandular or dietary beef kidney.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) one tablet per 30 pounds of body weight given once daily may help strengthen kidney tissue. Crush and mix with food. Fresh parsley is a diuretic herb which promotes urination and may be useful in certain cases.

HOMEPATHIC REMEDIES
Kali chloricum is recommended for long-term kidney disorders. Arsenicum album 30c counteracts vomiting in acute Kidney Disease. Silicea 30c helps to slow down degeneration of kidney tissue in long-term cases.

The Hormonal or Endocrine System is made up of seven glands that release substances called hormones which travel in the blood stream and go to other parts of the body in order to stimulate a response. A balanced level of hormones is necessary for our bodies to function normally. Whenever there is either a lower (referred to as “hypo”) or higher (referred to as “hyper”) hormonal output than normal, the balance is disturbed and the body goes awry. The four most common hormonal disorders in dogs are Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Cushing Disease and Addison’s disease. Diabetes mellitus is the most common hormonal disorder in dogs, it also affects 16 million people. The problem is a lack of production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas. Insulin regulates the blood sugar. Without proper insulin levels, blood sugar can not enter the cells, so it remains in the blood and is lost into the urine. The result is a lack of nourishment for the body’s cells. Five-year-old overweight female dogs are most prone. Drinking, urinating and eating excessively are the most common initial signs. Weeks to months later cataracts may develop because the lens of the eye also requires insulin to function. Life threatening complications can result without treatment. The most common cause of diabetes is repeated bouts of pancreatic upset due to ingestion from overeating fatty foods.

OTHER COMMON HORMONE DISORDERS
* The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones which control the metabolic rate or the speed at which the body functions. Hypothyroidism is the result of underproduction of thyroid hormone. The cause is often unknown. Occasionally the body’s immune system destroys the gland. Signs include patches of hair loss which are evenly distributed on each side of the dogs body and occur without itching; weight gain without an increase in appetite; lethargy; dry flaky skin; and ear infections. Signs develop slowly over several months to a year and most owners just think their dog is getting old. Middle-aged Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Irish Setters and Dobermans seem to be prone.

* Overproduction of the antiflammatory hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands causes Cushing’s Disease. Excessive eating, drinking and urinating are the primary signs. Later lethargy, a distended pot-bellied abdomen and symmetrical hair loss also occur. Poodles, Dachshunds, Boston Terriers, German Shepards and Golden Retrievers are genetically predisposed. Middle to older aged dogs are typically affected.

* A lack of cortisol production by the adrenal glands results in Addison’s Disease. Initial signs are somewhat vague but may include vomiting, diarrhea and weakness. Deficient cortisol levels cause the ratio between sodium and potassium to become imbalanced which can result in shock and death without prompt treatment.

WHAT YOU AND YOUR VET CAN DO
* Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood and urine tests which detect elevated sugar. There is no cure, but insulin replacement is an effective control. Insulin requirements can change and must be monitored daily for life; too much or too little insulin can cause life-threatening seizures.

* To keep insulin requirements consistent, meals are given twice a day at the same time 30 minutes prior to injections. Snacks should be avoided and exercise should remain consistent. Neutering is recommended because reproductive cycles alter insulin requirements. Since diabetes has a hereditary link, neutering also helps prevent transmission to future generations. Properly regulated diabetic dogs can lead long healthy lives, but their owners must be prepared to make a serious commitment to the treatment.

* Diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made by a blood test that detects decreased levels of thyroid hormone. While thyroid disease is not curable, it can be controlled with oral thyroid hormone replacement, which is safe, effective and relatively inexpensive. Lifelong replacement is generally needed and most owners are pleasantly surprised to see their old dog rejuvenated after 8-12 weeks. Hair regrows, body weight decreases, ear problems clear up and energy levels increase.

* Blood tests are diagnostic for Addison ‘s disease and specific medication controls the problem.

* There are three types of Cushing Disease in dogs. Diagnostics and treatment options vary accordingly.

COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS ALL FOR DIABETES

DIABETES THERAPY
Diabetes Therapy is geared to lower and stabilize blood sugar and increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin.
* Fish Oils
* Vanadium, 0.1 mg per pound once daily, or Vanadyl Sulfate, ½ mg per pound once daily, helps to stabilize blood sugar.
* Gymnema Sylvestre
* Panax Ginseng
* Vitamin E, C
* Arginine
* Pancreatic Glandulars

HERBAL REMEDIES
Kelp is a source of iodine and may be used as a trace mineral supplement. Kelp is contraindicated in certain (autoimmune) types of Thyroid Disease because it may stimulate further destruction of the thyroid gland by the body. In most cases of Hypothyroidism in dogs, the exact cause is not known and, in these cases, Kelp should be avoided.

HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
Phosphorus 6x one pellet on the tongue once daily for 30 days for diabetes. For hypothyroidism, try Nux vomica 30c daily for five days. If not effective try Thuga 30c once daily for five days.

Well over three million dogs have some form of acquired heart disease and may be in heart failure. Heart failure results when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate necessary to meet the body’s needs. As the heart tries to work harder, further damage occurs.

HEART FAILURE
Two forms of heart disease occur in dogs: Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Mitral Valve Insufficiency (MVI). In Dilated Cardiomyopathy the muscle of the heart’s wall becomes thin and weak. The result is that the heart muscle cannot contract properly and circulation is impaired. In Mitral Valve Insufficiency the fibers of the heart valve degenerate. The valve can no longer close correctly which impairs blood flow and circulation. Cardiomyopathy is common in large breeds, like Great Danes, whereas Mitral Valve Disease usually occurs in older small breeds, notably miniature poodles and dachshunds. Signs of heart failure include getting tired easily; coughing, especially when waking up in the morning; difficulty breathing; fainting; weakness; and lack of energy.
(NOTE: Chest x-rays illustrate the size and shape of the heart, either of which may be abnormal with heart disease.

WHAT YOUR VET CAN DO
* Routine diagnostics for heart disease include blood and urine tests, chest x-rays, and an electrocardiograph, which detects electrical disturbances in the heart. An echocardiograph may be recommended which helps pinpoint the specific problem within the heart. An echocardiogram works similarly to an ultrasound machine and allows more in-depth visualization of the heart.

* Treatment will vary depending on the specific type of heart disease. Options generally include one or all of the “four Ds” of heart failure therapy: low sodium diet; diuretic medication which reduces fluid buildup in the lungs by stimulating the kidneys to eliminate the excess, vaso-dilators or medication geared to help dilate or enlarge veins which promotes proper blood flow; and Digitalis, another cardiac medication that encourages the heart to beat stronger and more slowly. This helps the heart pump blood more efficiently and more effectively.

* Pacemaker surgery is an effective treatment for electrical disturbances in the heart that are unresponsive to medical management. These dogs generally faint, have a slow heart rate, and get tired easily with exercise. The pacemaker is inserted surgically through the jugular vein and placed down into the heart. The wires are attached to a pulse generator which is placed under the skin of the neck. The pacemaker is effective for the lifetime of the dog. Post-operative care is minimal. Because of the location of the pacemaker’s generator in the dog’s neck, a harness as opposed to a collar is necessary for all cases.

COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS
HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES

Crataegus oxycantha 3x (hawthorne berry) is helpful for heart weakness and heart murmurs: one pellet on the tongue once daily for 30 days. Withhold food 10 minutes before and after treatment. (Use with caution in certain Hypertropic forms of Cardiomyopathy.)

Digitalis purpurea 6x (foxglove) may be helpful when the heartbeat is irregular. One tablet for fainting or episodes of distressed breathing that occur after exercise. Cactus grandiflorus 6c is recommended when there is poor circulation because of heart valve problems.

* As opposed to humans who need treatment for Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension, medications geared to support heart muscle function are most helpful in dogs and cats with heart failure.
1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (found in Fish oil, Flaxseed oil)
2. Coenzyme Q10
3. Antioxidant Vitamins A, C, E
4. Magnesium
5. Herbs containing Berberine:
      * Coptis
      *Goldenseal
      * Oregon Grape

FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (FELV)
Feline Leukemia is the leading viral killer of cats today. The virus is spread by prolonged cat-to-cat contact and through bite wounds. The virus is shed in saliva, tears, urine, and feces. It is unstable in the environment and easily killed by warmth and drying. Fifty percent of these cats also have Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Half of these cats die because of Secondary Infections and ninety percent develop cancer.

FACT: A pregnant cat infected with leukemia can transmit the disease to her unborn kittens.

SIGNS
Signs for FELV and FIV can include those of any severe long-term illness because both viruses interfere with your cat’s natural ability to ward off infection.

The most common signs for leukemia are:
* Pale whitish gum color instead of normal bright pink color and weakness (occurs due to red blood cell loss which is called Anemia.)
* Yellow discoloration to skin called jaundice (occurs due to liver failure )
* Depression, appetite and weight loss

Feline Immuno Deficiency Virus is abbreviated as FIV and occasionally referred to as Feline Aids. Aggressive outdoor non-neutered male cats are most often infected and the virus is usually spread through bite wounds. Feline Immuno Deficiency Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus both attack and impair the body’s immune system and interfere with the cat’s natural ability to protect himself. Secondary infections cause the majority of symptoms and are the major cause of death in FIV infected cats.

SYMPTOMS / SIGNS OF FIV
Severe chronic gum disease (gingivitis) and recurrent mouth infections in fat cats are the most common signs seen in over half of FIV cats.
Appetite Loss, poor hair coats and a fever are also common. Late in the disease, weight loss and severe wasting occur.

WHAT YOU AND YOUR VET CAN DO
Blood tests accurately detect Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immuno deficiency Virus. A cat infected with FELV can live for months to years. Cats with FIV rarely survive over two years. True life expectancy is impossible to predict. Since both viruses suppress the cat’s ability to naturally protect himself, they become much more susceptible to other infections and cats are affected with a variety of recurrent illnesses, interspersed with periods of relatively normal health.
PREVENTION-Vaccination for leukemia is the key to prevention. Vaccines are available for FIP and the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but remain contraversial. Discuss these options with your vet

DIAGNOSIS OF FIP
A tissue biopsy of the affected site or analysis of affected cells called a cytology are the only ways to confirm FIP diagnosis.

THERAPY FOR FELV & FIV & FIP
There is no cure for any of these diseases. All cases are ultimately fatal. A variety of anticancer medications have been tried, some produce temporary remission. Various antiviral compounds, including Interferon, are being used. These are safer than anticancer therapies and some extend the remission period. None produce a permanent cure.

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY
FIP/FIV/FELV THERAPY
New therapies being used for FELV, FIV and FIP with some success but not yet approved, are geared to stimulate the immune system and stop viral replication.

1. Human alpha Interferon- an oral solution, 30 units per day, squirt in mouth seven days on, seven days off until signs subside. Use along with L-Lysine. (Vet must prescribe.)
2. L-Lysine Tablets – available at health food stores. 250 milligrams crushed to powder mixed into meal twice daily.
3. Epogen- a hormone injected to boost red blood cell production. Combats severe anemia (vet must prescribe).
4. Vitamins A, C, E to stimulate immunity, added to meals.
* A – 10,000 IU (international units) per week.
* C – 250 milligrams powder three times a day.
* E – 400 IU week.
5. Herbs to stimulate immunity:
* Reishi
* Echinacea
6. B Vitamins and Iron for Anemia.
7. Nutritional yeast- source B vitamins: 1/8 teaspoon per meal
8. Raw liver- source of Iron and B vitamins: add one minced teaspoon to meals three times weekly.
9. Good Diet

FACT: All three viruses can be transmitted from a mother to her kittens. Cats apparently recovered from FELV, FIP and FIV can act as “carriers” and shed the viruses.
FACT: None of these three viruses live long in the environment. Six weeks is the maximum and that’s for FIP. Disinfectants like bleach easily kill all three viruses.
FACT: Viral diseases that suppress the immune system like FELV and FIV can reactivate FIP.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats affecting heart muscle function so that it can not pump blood effectively. Blood circulation is impaired and the body is deprived of oxygen and vital nutrients. HCM is inherited in certain cat breeds including the Maine Coon and American Short Hair (and in people). Affected cats are usually 2 ½ to 5 years old.

CAUSES
* The cause of primary (true) HCM is a genetic mutation in the heart muscle cell itself which interferes with its ability to contract and pump blood.
* Certain problems can cause HCM as a secondary problem such as Hyperthyroidism, Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. In these cases when the primary problem is treated, the HCM usually resolves.
Other types of Heart Disease occasionally occur in cats.
* Heartworm Disease can result in heart failure and sudden death.
* Historically Taurine deficient diets (cats fed dog food) caused another form of (dilated) Cardiomyopathy. Today this is rare.

SIGNS
* Signs vary, there may be no signs at all,
* Some cats act shy and hide a lot
* In other cats signs relate to the severity of heart failure.
* Breathing difficulty of various degrees along with
* Lethargy, appetite loss and fainting may occur.
* Paralysis of hind legs occurs if blood clots form.
* Sudden death may occur.

WHAT YOU AND YOUR VET CAN DO
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy diagnostics include
* Physical exam- abnormally fast heart rate and /or abnormal heart rhythms are heard with stethoscope.
* Blood tests detect secondary causes like thyroid disease and Hypertension
* X-rays allow visualization of heart size and shape.
* An Echocardiogram is an ultra sound of the heart and allows evaluation of the physical structure and function of the heart. This is the best diagnostic tool available.
FACT: An Electrocardiogram (EGG) indicates the electrical conduction of the heart.

TREATMENT OF Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
There is no cure for primary HCM. Therapy is geared to help the heart function more efficiently, prevent further heart muscle damage and decrease the risk of blood clot formation.

Medication may include any or all of the four D’s of Heart Therapy.

1. Diet – low sodium (decrease excess fluid accumulation).
2. Diuretic – like lasix decrease fluid accumulation in the lungs.
3. Dilators – dilates blood vessels which helps the heart to pump blood more easily and more effectively.
4. Digitalis – decreases the heart rate which lets the heart fill with more blood and pump more blood through out the body.

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY

Medications geared to support heart muscle function are helpful in cats with heart failure.
* Use: Low Sodium Diet (low salt- salt substitute) to decrease fluid retention.
* Omega-3 Fatty Acids (found in Fish oil, Flaxseed Oil) 1/8 Tsp in meal
* Coenzyme Q10 – 10 milligrams daily in meals supports heart muscle function
* Antioxidant Vitamin A – 10,000 Iu (international units) weekly in meals
* Vitamin E – 400 Iu (international units) per week
* Vitamin C – 250 milligrams of powder 3 times daily

HERBAL THERAPY
* Parsley Tea – add 1 Teaspoon liquid to meals. This acts as a diuretic which increases fluid loss through urination and may lower dose of prescribed diuretics like Lasix.
Parsley Tea Recipe: Add a few sprigs of parsley to boiling water. Allow to stand for 10 minutes. Strain and allow to cool. Pour 1 Tablespoon of the tea over the cat’s food.
* Dill Seed Tea – supplies minerals

NOTE: Blood Clots are a sign of severe heart failure and are a true life and death emergency. They tend to recur and are very painful. Few cats survive more than a few months

Prognosis: Maine Coons usually die at a young age. American Short Hairs live for several years as do several other cats.

Urine forms in the kidneys, is stored in the urinary bladder, then passes through a narrow tube called the urethra, and is eliminated. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease – (FLUTD) is a common group of conditions affecting the urinary bladder and/or urethra in neutered cats. Usually FLUTD affects cats about four years old, occasionally cats are ten and older. The causes vary with the age group.

CAUSES OF FLUTD IN FOUR-YEAR OLD CATS
* The vast majority, 50 percent of cases the cause is unknown
* Bladder stones or a blocked urethra are responsible in approximately 20 percent of cases.
* Urine infection or cancer only cause up to 5 percent of the problems in this age group.

CAUSES OF FLUTD IN CATS OVER TEN YEARS OLD
* Half have urine infections
* Many have bladder stones and/or urine infections
* A few have a blocked urethra.
* Almost 70 percent are also in chronic kidney failure.

SYMPTOMS
Cats with lower urinary tract disease show very similar signs despite a wide variety of potential causes
* Straining to urinate – male neutered cats (repeated unsuccessful trips to the litter box)
* Frequent passage of small amount of urine and/or no urine at all (male neutered cats.)
* Urinating outside the litter box, especially on cool smooth surfaces: in sinks, on countertops, and in bathtubs (female spayed cats)
* Blood in the urine (neutered male or female cats) with stones or plugs of sand in urethra.
* Cats lick their genital area excessively (neutered males).

WHAT YOU AND YOUR VET CAN DO
DIAGNOSIS
* Diagnosis is based on age, history, signs, blood and urine tests, along with X-rays in older cats.

TREATMENT
* Treatment is geared at dietary management to reduce recurrences of FLUTD and decrease the risk of neutered male cats developing a urethral obstruction, a true life and death emergency.
* Many prescription diets formulated for FLUTD are available. Analysis of urine is important, especially if “crystals” are present, because many of these “diets” are geared to acidify urine PH which in certain cases can make the problem worse.
* Changing from dry to “canned” form of the FLUTD diet works in 10% of cats.
* Antibiotics eliminate bacterial urinary infections if present.
* Many cats respond to the antidepressant (Elavil). It relieves bladder inflammation and pain and decreases anxiety in cats with unknown cause of FLUTD.

CLASSIC SIGNS
FEMALE SPAYED CATS
Female Spayed Cats often urinate in unusual places and occasionally have blood in their urine.

Neutered Male Cats make several unsuccessful trips to the litter box, strain to urinate and may cry out in pain. Most lick their genital area excessively to try
to relieve the sand plug in their urethra. Blocked cats not relieved in 24 to 48 hours risk death due to urethral obstruction.

COMPLEMENARY TREATMENTS

HERBAL REMEDIES
* Diuretic Herbs – use if bladder stones are a problem – parsley, corn silk, dandelion. Diuretics promote urination. Flushing the urinary tract can help eliminate small stones, toxins and bacteria.

DIETARY REMEDIES
* Cranberry is bacteriostatic, acidifies(LOWERS) urine PH and may prevent recurrent urinary infections. Use concentrated extract (would need too much juice to do much good).
* Vitamin B Complex – 5 milligrams daily
* Glycosaminoglycans “Gags” – Nutrients that help heal urinary bladders. This is a normal constituent of the bladder lining. These molecules may be lacking in the bladder lining of FLUTD cats as they are in some people with cystitis. This lets urine irritate the sensitive bladder tissue. The drug Elmiron is approved for this purpose.

COMPLEMENARY THERAPIES-Blocked Male Cats

NOTE: These homeopathic remedies are for blocked neutered male cats trying to urinate.
Pulsatilla 30 c – 1 pellet every 15 minutes for 3 treatments. Use for quiet cats that want to be held.

TIP

Many “special diets” are commercially available to prevent urine stones and crystals from recurring but analysis of urine is important, it tells you the type of crystal present so the diet can be chosen accordingly. Many of these “diets” are geared to acidify urine PH which in certain cases can make the problem worse. It’s important to have your vet analyze the type of bladder stone to see what it’s made of and then choose the proper type of diet to prevent the stones from recurring.

The kidneys filter and remove toxic waste products from the cat’s blood via the urine. They also regulate calcium and vitamin D levels, maintain the cat’s level of hydration and secrete the hormone responsible for red blood cell production. Acute kidney disease occurs suddenly and is rare in cats but, with prompt recognition and treatment, it is generally reversible. Chronic kidney disease occurs as the kidneys deteriorate slowly over a cat’s lifetime. This is the most common situation and is called chronic renal (or kidney) disease (CRD). CRD is not reversible and signs generally don’t occur until 80 percent of kidney function is lost.

CAUSES
Chronic Kidney Failure – A variety of chronic conditions causing exaggerated abnormal allergic type and/or immune reactions can result in Chronic Kidney Disease failure.
* Chronic Dental Disease
* Chronic bacterial and viral infections
* Chronic skin allergies
* IBD and hormonal disorders like Diabetes
* Blood pressure too high or too low
* Dehydration
* Trauma
* Improper diet, excess phosphorus and protein

NOTE:
Long term excessive urination and excessive drinking are the most common initial signs of chronic kidney failure.

WHAT YOU AND VET CAN DO
Diagnostics
* Routine lab tests (blood, urine) don’t reveal CRD until 75 to 80 percent of function is lost.
* X-rays and ultrasound allow visualization of the kidneys
* A biopsy confirms the exact diagnosis. Local anesthesia and ultrasound are used to aid removal of a tiny piece of liver tissue and/or cells which are examined under the microscope.
* Fluid therapy to correct dehydration is the single most important factor in treatment. Without normal kidney function toxins, like Ammonia, normally eliminated in the urine build up in the blood and cause serious damage like vomiting, diarrhea, appetite loss, anemia, heart problems, and dementia. Fluids given under the skin or through a catheter (tube) inserted into a vein. Some owners learn to give fluids at home.
* Dialysis machines that filter toxins from the blood and kidney transplants are available in extreme cases.
* Special diets with restricted levels of protein and phosphorus reduce the toxic waste load on the kidneys.
* Calcitrol is a form of activated Vitamin D, (a hormone) that helps prevent progression of kidney disease. It is given by mouth daily and is excellent.
* Ambodipine (Norvasc R) safely reduces blood pressure when necessary to prevent Hypertension.
* Tumil-K is a potassium source which is often low in these cats due to lack of appetite. Appetite stimulants may be needed.

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY
Vitamins
* B Vitamins and Iron help combat Anemia which is often present with CRD because the kidneys normally makes hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
* Vitamin B Complex – 5 milligrams daily
* Vitamin C powder – 250 mg 3 times per day
* Vitamin E – 400 Iu (international units) once a week
* Vitamin A – 10,000 Iu (international units) once a week
* Glandular – beef kidney – available at grocery stores – cats enjoy

HERBAL REMEDIES
* Kombu broth – seaweed rich in minerals and low in sodium
* Parsley tea – 1 Tsp herb taken internally is high in minerals, Vitamins A,B,C and Potassium.
* Horsetail Grass infusion
* Hornbeam is a Bach Flower Remedy used for cold, weak cats – 3 drops daily
* Cantharis 30c – 1 pellet every 15 minutes for 3 treatments for angry cat, licking penis and making intense efforts to urinate.